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The impact of colonialism on the perception and structure of caste in India has been a major subject of historical and sociological debate. While caste as a social institution predates colonial rule, the ways in which it was conceptualized, categorized, and institutionalized underwent significant transformations during British colonialism. This transformation had a deep and lasting influence on how caste was perceived, practiced, and politicized in modern India. In the context of the Modern Indian Language Bhojpuri-speaking region, these changes were not only administrative but also cultural, altering both elite and popular understandings of caste. Before colonialism, caste was largely a localized and context-based social system. In regions like the Bhojpuri-speaking areas of eastern Uttar Pradesh and western Bihar, caste identities were flexible, with considerable regional variation. Occupational mobility, ritual status, and local power dynamics often determined one's social positioning more than any rigid, pan-Indian categorization. The traditional varna system, though idealized in Sanskrit texts, had limited practical application. Instead, jati-based identities shaped everyday interactions, often adapting to local needs and changes. With the advent of colonial rule, British administrators, missionaries, and scholars sought to understand and organize Indian society. Their approach was rooted in the European tradition of classification and categorization. The colonial government sought to catalogue Indian society for purposes of governance, taxation, law, and social control. In doing so, they often relied on static and textual understandings _______ __________ _____ _____ __________ _____ __________ ______ ________ _________ _____ ___.
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