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Development is a complex, multidimensional process that goes beyond economic growth and encompasses social, cultural, political, and environmental dimensions. Traditional perspectives have often equated development with the rise in national income or Gross Domestic Product, but the rethinking of development has challenged this narrow view and emphasized human well-being, equity, sustainability, and participation. The process of development is shaped by multiple factors and implemented through diverse instruments, each influencing the quality and direction of change in society. Understanding these factors and instruments requires an interdisciplinary approach that recognizes both structural conditions and human agency in shaping developmental outcomes. One of the key factors in the process of development is economic growth, which provides resources for investment in infrastructure, education, health, and technology. However, rethinking development highlights that growth alone does not ensure equitable distribution of benefits. Alongside growth, social equity becomes a critical factor, as unequal access to resources, opportunities, and power can lead to poverty traps and marginalization. Societies with high levels of inequality often face barriers to inclusive development, since marginalized communities remain excluded from decision-making and economic participation. Hence, both growth and equity together form fundamental components of development. Political structures and governance are equally important factors in the development process. Good governance, transparency, accountability, and the rule of law create an environment where resources are managed effectively, corruption is minimized, and citizens’ rights are protected. Political stability encourages investments and long-term planning, while participatory governance allows people to contribute actively to the policies that affect their lives. Conversely, weak institutions _______ __________ ___ _______ _________ _______ ___ __________ _____ _______ ______.
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