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The modernization theory of development emerged in the mid-20th century as a dominant framework for understanding the economic, social, and political transformation of societies. It was primarily shaped by Western scholars who sought to explain the disparities between developed and underdeveloped nations, especially in the context of the post-World War II era and the onset of the Cold War. The theory posits that development is a linear process through which traditional societies gradually transition into modern, industrialized, and economically advanced nations, following a trajectory similar to that of Western countries. Modernization theorists emphasized that certain internal conditions and societal characteristics must change for a society to achieve progress and modernity. At the core of modernization theory is the belief that economic growth is the driving force behind overall development. It argues that traditional economies, which are largely agrarian and dependent on subsistence activities, must evolve into industrial economies characterized by technological advancement, capital accumulation, and specialization of labor. Economic transformation is often linked with changes in social and cultural institutions, including shifts in family structures, education, and political organization. The underlying assumption is that traditional values and social practices, such as collectivism, hierarchical authority, and resistance to innovation, are obstacles to development. In contrast, modern values like rationality, individualism, meritocracy, and openness to change are seen as essential for fostering progress. Several influential scholars and theorists have shaped the modernization perspective. Walt Rostow, an American economist, developed the “Stages of Economic Growth” model, _____ ________ ___ ____ ___ _______ ______ ________ ___ ___.
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