Describe the steps of translation, including initiation, elongation, and termination.

Translation is the process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins using messenger RNA (mRNA) as a template. This process occurs in three major stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Each step is tightly regulated to ensure accurate protein synthesis.

Initiation

The initiation phase begins when the small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA strand. In prokaryotes, this binding occurs at the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, while in eukaryotes, it happens at the 5' cap of the mRNA. The small ribosomal subunit, along with initiation factors (IFs in prokaryotes or eIFs in eukaryotes), scans the mRNA until it reaches the start codon (AUG), which codes for methionine.

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