Describe the material milieu for the rise of Buddhism and Jainism in the sixth century BCE.

Scholars have contemplated over the fact as to why Buddhism and Jainism arose in north eastern India? Both the heterodox religions cannot be simply understood as a reaction again the growing rigidity and ritualism of the Brahmanas. If this had been so, then such religious ideas would have emerged in western UP where there was a more rigid entrenchment of brahmanical principles. R. S. Sharma believes that the answer has to be sought within the material conditions of the life of the people. Let us examine some of his observations below:

1) Iron had been introduced in western UP by 1000 BCE and it gradually spread to eastern UP. Evidence for the use of iron has been documented at the sites of Prahladpur (Dist. of Varanasi), Chirand (Bihar), Vaisali, Sonpur (Gaya) etc. between 8th to 5th century BCE. Between 600-300 BCE eastern UP saw the _______ ________ ______ __________ __________ _____ _______.
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