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Poverty alleviation has been a critical focus for governments and development organizations worldwide, particularly in rural areas where the majority of the poor population resides. In India and similar developing countries, poverty alleviation programmes have been designed to improve the quality of life of rural populations through employment generation, skill development, provision of basic amenities, and empowerment of marginalized communities. Over the years, several significant programmes have been launched to tackle rural poverty, each with its specific objectives, strategies, and challenges in implementation. One of the most notable programmes is the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Enacted in 2005, MGNREGA guarantees a minimum of 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The programme aims to provide livelihood security, create durable assets, and enhance rural infrastructure. Through MGNREGA, millions of rural households have gained access to regular income, which helps in reducing poverty and dependency on informal moneylenders. Despite its achievements, MGNREGA faces several execution challenges. Delays in wage payments, inadequate supervision, corruption at local administrative levels, and the lack of sufficient awareness among beneficiaries have hindered its full potential. Additionally, gender disparities in participation and limitations in the type of work provided have also been points of concern. Another significant initiative is the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), which was launched in the 1970s with ______ __________ ________ _____ _________ _____ ______ _________ ________ _____ __________.
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