Describe principles of three techniques used for protein 3-D structure analysis.

Protein 3-D structure analysis is essential for understanding how proteins function and interact with other molecules. Several techniques have been developed to determine the three-dimensional (3-D) structures of proteins. Below are three commonly used methods: X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).

X-ray Crystallography  
X-ray crystallography is one of the most widely used techniques for determining protein structures at atomic resolution. This method involves crystallizing a protein and then exposing the crystal to X-rays. The X-rays interact with the electrons of the atoms within the protein, and this scattering of _______ __________ ________ _________ __________.
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