Describe health risk and vulnerabilities in India due to arsenic pollution and fluoride contamination.

Arsenic pollution and fluoride contamination are two significant environmental health hazards affecting India, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas. These contaminants primarily find their way into drinking water sources, impacting large populations and causing a wide range of health issues. While both arsenic and fluoride have natural occurrences in the earth’s crust, their excessive concentration in drinking water due to poor management practices or geological conditions exacerbates health risks and vulnerabilities, especially in developing nations like India.

Arsenic Pollution: 

Arsenic contamination in drinking water is a serious issue in several regions of India, especially in the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Jharkhand. The problem arises due to the presence of high arsenic levels in groundwater, which is a primary source of drinking water for millions of people in these areas. The contamination occurs when arsenic, which is naturally present in rocks and soil, dissolves into groundwater due to the reduction of _____ ________ ______ _____ _________.
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