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Fertility, mortality, and migration are the three fundamental processes that shape the dynamics of any population and lie at the heart of the study of demography. Demography, which is the scientific study of human populations, their size, structure, and distribution, as well as the processes of change within them, relies upon these three basic components to analyze and interpret trends, forecast future developments, and understand their implications for sustainable development. Each of these processes contributes to population change in distinct ways, and together they provide the essential framework for understanding how populations grow, decline, and redistribute themselves over time and space. Fertility refers to the actual reproductive performance of individuals or groups in a population, typically measured by the number of live births. It is distinct from fecundity, which refers to the biological capacity to reproduce, because fertility deals with realized behavior rather than potential capacity. Fertility levels and patterns are influenced by a wide range of biological, social, cultural, economic, and political factors. Variables such as age at marriage, availability and use of contraception, social norms regarding family size, educational attainment, especially among women, health care availability, and policies that encourage or discourage childbearing, all play important roles in shaping fertility. In demographic studies, fertility is often captured using measures such as ______ ____ ___ _____ _____ ______ ____ ________ ___ ___.
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