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Malnutrition and undernutrition in children remain a major public health concern across the globe, particularly in developing and underdeveloped regions. These conditions are deeply intertwined with socio-economic, cultural, and environmental factors that determine access to food, healthcare, and education. Malnutrition refers to an imbalance in nutrient intake, which can include undernutrition, overnutrition, or micronutrient deficiencies. Undernutrition in children specifically refers to conditions such as stunting, wasting, and underweight caused by insufficient dietary intake, recurrent illness, or both. The causes of malnutrition and undernutrition are multifaceted, involving both direct and indirect factors, and they carry serious implications for human development, productivity, and the achievement of sustainable development goals. A critical examination of these causes is essential to understand the complexity of the problem and develop holistic interventions. One of the most fundamental causes of child undernutrition is inadequate dietary intake. Many children in low-income households do not receive the minimum required calories, protein, and micronutrients needed for their growth and development. This dietary inadequacy can be traced to food insecurity, which is driven by poverty, unemployment, and unequal distribution of resources. Families with low purchasing power cannot afford nutritious food such as milk, fruits, vegetables, and protein sources, relying instead on cheaper, calorie-dense but nutrient-poor diets. This leads to chronic energy deficiency and stunted growth in children. In many rural areas, food production is also seasonal and dependent on rainfall, making access to diverse and nutritious diets inconsistent throughout the year. Closely linked to dietary inadequacy is maternal health and nutrition. The nutritional status of a mother before and during pregnancy has a direct bearing on the child’s birth weight and overall health. Poor maternal ___ _________ _____ ______ ________.
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