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Divorce refers to the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other competent authority. It marks the formal end of a marital relationship and entails the termination of legal duties and responsibilities between the married couple. In societal terms, divorce signifies not only the breakdown of a personal relationship but also reflects broader structural and cultural transformations in family institutions and values. In the Indian context, where marriage is often viewed as a sacred and lifelong bond, divorce has traditionally been stigmatized. However, with changing socio-economic conditions, individual aspirations, legal reforms, and awareness about personal rights, divorce is gradually becoming more visible and accepted in Indian society. Divorce in India is governed by personal laws based on religion. For Hindus, including Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs, the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 governs marriage and divorce. Muslims follow the Muslim Personal Law, Christians the Indian Divorce Act, 1869, and Parsis the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936. In addition, the Special Marriage Act, 1954 provides for civil marriages and divorces for individuals irrespective of religion. These legal frameworks lay down the grounds on which divorce can be granted—such as cruelty, desertion, adultery, conversion, mental illness, and irretrievable breakdown of marriage, among others. The reasons for divorce in India are numerous and multifaceted, influenced by both individual-level factors and larger social and institutional dynamics. These reasons can be categorized into several broad themes: 1. Cruelty (Mental or Physical): One of the most commonly cited grounds for divorce is cruelty by one spouse towards the other. This can include physical abuse, emotional and ____ _______ _____ ______ ____ ______.
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