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Fluid-volume deficit (FVD) refers to a reduction in intravascular, interstitial, or intracellular fluid volume, usually caused by excessive loss of water and electrolytes. Common causes include vomiting, diarrhoea, excessive sweating, fever, haemorrhage, burns, excessive diuresis, inadequate fluid intake, and third-spacing of fluids. In critically ill patients, FVD may occur rapidly and can lead to hypovolemic shock. Clinical features depend on the severity and speed of fluid loss. The patient may experience thirst, weakness, dizziness, fatigue, dry mouth, dry skin, decreased skin turgor, and concentrated urine. Other findings include tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, prolonged capillary refill, oliguria, and weight loss. Severe deficit may produce confusion, restlessness, cold and clammy skin, reduced level of consciousness, and signs of shock. Assessment includes obtaining ______ ____ ___ __________ __________ ________ ____ ______ _______ _________ _______.
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