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Biological nitrogen fixation is a crucial biochemical process in plants, through which atmospheric nitrogen (N₂), which is chemically inert and unavailable for direct use by most organisms, is converted into ammonia (NH₃) or related nitrogenous compounds that plants can assimilate. Nitrogen is an essential element for the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents, making nitrogen fixation vital for plant growth, development, and productivity. This process is carried out by a specialized group of microorganisms, including free-living bacteria, symbiotic bacteria, and cyanobacteria. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation primarily occurs in legumes, such as peas, beans, and clover, through a mutualistic association with bacteria of the genus *Rhizobium*. The bacteria colonize root hairs of host plants, inducing _________ ______ _________ __________ __________.
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