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Urban anthropology is a subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of urban life, cultures, communities, and processes. It investigates how people create, experience, and interact with the urban environment and how the structure and culture of cities evolve over time. Unlike traditional anthropology, which primarily focused on rural and tribal societies, urban anthropology adapts ethnographic tools to study the complexities of urban spaces, such as diversity, migration, identity, social stratification, conflict, and governance. It integrates methods and insights from sociology, human geography, economics, and political science, and seeks to understand how urban processes reflect larger societal transformations. In the context of medieval Indian history (1206–1550), urban anthropology serves as a valuable tool in exploring the evolution of urban centres under the Delhi Sultanate and regional kingdoms. During this period, urbanism expanded significantly, with cities like Delhi, Daulatabad, Gaur, Multan, Lahore, and Vijayanagara emerging as important political, religious, and commercial hubs. These cities were not only administrative centres but also reflected cultural amalgamation due to the interaction of diverse ethnic groups, traders, artisans, Sufi saints, and ruling elites. Urban anthropology helps explore the spatial organization of cities in this period, including royal citadels, religious precincts, markets, residential quarters, and artisan workshops. These spaces reflected hierarchical structures of society. For instance, elite spaces such as palaces, mosques, and gardens were often separated from areas inhabited by commoners ________ __________ _________ ______ ___ ________ _____.
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