Define the term reducing sugars. Explain the structural difference between aldo and keto sugars with suitable examples. 

Reducing sugars are carbohydrates that can act as reducing agents, meaning they have the ability to donate electrons or reduce other substances. This property arises from the presence of a free aldehyde or ketone group in the sugar molecule, which is capable of undergoing oxidation. Reducing sugars can be detected using chemical tests such as Benedict’s test or Fehling’s test, where they reduce copper(II) ions (Cu²⁺) to copper(I) ions (Cu⁺), forming a colored precipitate. All monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, and some disaccharides, like lactose and maltose, are considered reducing sugars due to their ability to have a free aldehyde or ketone group under certain conditions.

Monosaccharides are classified into two categories: aldoses and ketoses, based on the type of functional group present in their structure. Aldoses are monosaccharides that contain an ___ ___ _______ ______ _________ _____ _____ __________ ________ ________ ____.
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