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Propagation refers to the process of multiplication of plants in order to perpetuate a species, maintain desirable traits, and produce large numbers of uniform planting materials. In horticultural production, propagation plays a central role in ensuring genetic purity, uniform growth, early bearing, and improved yield. It may be achieved through sexual means (by seeds) or asexual means (vegetative parts). Asexual propagation involves the reproduction of plants using vegetative parts such as stems, roots, and leaves without the formation of seeds. The new plants produced through asexual propagation are genetically identical to the mother plant and are known as clones. This method is widely practiced in horticulture because it preserves desirable characteristics such as fruit quality, disease resistance, growth habit, and yield potential. Asexual propagation can be broadly classified into natural and artificial methods. Natural methods occur through modified vegetative structures that develop naturally in plants. Artificial methods are those induced by human intervention for commercial multiplication. Natural methods of asexual propagation include propagation through specialized vegetative structures such as bulbs, corms, rhizomes, tubers, runners, suckers, offsets, and crowns. Bulbs are underground modified stems consisting of a short stem surrounded by fleshy scales. Plants like onion and garlic multiply through bulbs. In horticultural crops such as lilies, daughter bulbs develop alongside the mother bulb and can be separated and planted independently. Corms are swollen underground stem bases that store food. Crops like gladiolus and colocasia propagate through corms, and new cormels are formed around the main corm. Rhizomes are horizontal underground stems that produce roots and shoots from nodes. Crops such as ginger and turmeric are propagated through rhizomes by cutting them into pieces containing at least one viable bud. Tubers are swollen underground stems with buds or “eyes,” as seen in potato. Each eye can develop into a new plant when planted. Runners are slender _______ ________ _____ ________ _______.
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