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Protected cultivation of vegetables involves the production of crops under controlled environmental conditions to achieve higher productivity, improved quality, off-season supply, and efficient resource utilization. The infrastructure used in protected cultivation plays a crucial role in modifying temperature, humidity, light, and other growth factors to create a favorable microclimate for vegetable crops such as tomato, capsicum, cucumber, lettuce, and other high-value crops. The primary infrastructure for protected cultivation includes greenhouses, polyhouses, net houses, shade houses, low tunnels, high tunnels, and walk-in tunnels. Among these, greenhouses and polyhouses are the most widely adopted structures. A greenhouse is a framed structure covered with transparent or translucent material such as polyethylene film, polycarbonate sheets, or glass, allowing sunlight to enter and trap heat inside. The framework may be constructed using galvanized iron (GI) pipes, steel, aluminum, or treated bamboo depending on the scale and investment capacity. The structural design must ensure stability against wind load, rain, and in some regions, hail or snow. The orientation of the structure, usually north-south or east-west depending on latitude, is also important to ensure uniform light distribution. Polyhouses are commonly used in tropical and subtropical regions due to their relatively lower cost compared to glasshouses. They are covered with UV-stabilized polyethylene films of 200 micron thickness, which provide adequate light transmission ___ ________ ___ _________ _______ ____ ____ _______ ___.
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