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Physical or Biological Anthropology is a major branch of anthropology that studies humans as biological organisms. It examines the origin, evolution, variation, adaptation, heredity, and biological characteristics of human beings and their closest primate relatives. The discipline seeks to understand how humans have evolved over millions of years and how biological and environmental factors have shaped human populations. It combines knowledge from biology, genetics, anatomy, physiology, paleontology, archaeology, ecology, and evolutionary science to explain human diversity and development. Unlike cultural anthropology, which focuses on human beliefs and social practices, biological anthropology emphasizes the physical and genetic aspects of human existence while recognizing the interaction between biology and culture. The discipline emerged during the nineteenth century with advances in evolutionary theory, comparative anatomy, and fossil discoveries. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection greatly influenced biological anthropology by providing a scientific explanation for the origin and evolution of humans. Since then, the field has expanded through ____ _______ ______ ___ __________ _______ ______ ___ ____.
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