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Extinction is the permanent disappearance of a species from the Earth when the last surviving individual dies. It is a natural process that has occurred throughout the history of life, but the rate of extinction has varied over geological time. In Biological Anthropology, the study of extinction is important because it helps explain the evolutionary history of humans and other primates, the adaptation of species to changing environments, and the factors responsible for the survival or disappearance of different organisms. Fossil evidence provides valuable information about extinct species and enables anthropologists to reconstruct the biological and cultural evolution of humankind. Extinction can occur due to natural as well as human-induced factors. Natural causes include climatic changes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, droughts, asteroid impacts, diseases, and competition between species. Environmental changes may alter food availability, habitat conditions, and reproductive _______ ______ _____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ________.
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