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Mechanization refers to the process of introducing machinery into various tasks to replace or supplement human and animal labor. In the context of agriculture, mechanization involves the use of tools, machines, and equipment for performing farming operations such as plowing, sowing, irrigating, harvesting, threshing, and transporting crops. The adoption of mechanization in agriculture leads to increased efficiency, productivity, and precision while reducing the reliance on traditional labor-intensive methods. It encompasses both small-scale machinery, such as hand-held tools and small tillers, and large-scale equipment, including tractors, combine harvesters, and irrigation pumps. In India, mechanization in agriculture has evolved over several phases, reflecting the country’s socio-economic conditions, technological advances, and government policies. Before independence, agriculture in India was predominantly traditional, relying on human labor and animal-drawn implements. Tools like wooden plows, sickles, and bullock carts were widely used, and the productivity of land remained relatively low. The lack of infrastructure, limited access to modern machinery, and fragmented land holdings constrained the widespread adoption of mechanization. Farming operations were slow and labor-intensive, making them susceptible to seasonal fluctuations, climatic stress, and pest infestations. During this period, _______ __________ ____ ______ ____ ______ ____ ___ __________ _____ __________ _______.
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