Define chemical shift and discuss the factors affecting it. 

Chemical shift is a phenomenon observed in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, where the resonance frequency of a nucleus is shifted away from its normal position due to the local magnetic field experienced by the nucleus. The chemical shift is measured in parts per million (ppm) and is a characteristic of the chemical environment of the nucleus.

The chemical shift is defined as the difference between the resonance frequency of a nucleus in a sample and the resonance frequency of the same nucleus in a standard reference sample, such as tetramethylsilane (TMS). The resonance frequency of TMS is assigned a chemical shift value of 0 ppm, and all other chemical shifts are measured relative to this reference.

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