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The federal system in India is unique in both its constitutional design and political practice. Unlike classical federations such as the United States, India’s federalism reflects a blend of federal and unitary features, which makes it sui generis. The framers of the Constitution were conscious of the country’s diversity in terms of language, culture, geography, and socio-political conditions. Hence, they designed a federal structure with a strong centre to maintain unity, while also recognizing regional diversity. The Constitution of India describes the country as a “Union of States” under Article 1. This phrase reflects the nature of Indian federalism: the Union is indestructible, though the states are not. Unlike in some federations, Indian states do not have the right to secede. The central government possesses greater authority, particularly in matters of national security, economic planning, and emergency provisions. The distribution of powers ________ ______ ______ _________ _____ _______ ____.
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