Critically evaluate the role of judiciary in the protection of environment.

The judiciary in India has played a pivotal role in the protection and preservation of the environment, ensuring that the constitutional mandate for safeguarding fundamental rights is upheld, and addressing the challenges arising from environmental degradation. The Indian judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court and various High Courts, has adopted an expansive interpretation of fundamental rights to encompass the right to a healthy environment. This critical evaluation of the judiciary’s role in environmental protection explores its constitutional mandate, judicial activism, landmark judgments, and the practical challenges it faces in balancing development with environmental conservation.

The Indian Constitution provides a robust framework for environmental protection, though it does not explicitly mention the environment as a fundamental right. The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in Article 48A mandates the state to "protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country," while Article 51A(g) directs every citizen to "protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife." These provisions lay the groundwork for environmental protection but are non-justiciable, meaning they do not carry the force of law in the same way as fundamental rights.

However, the judiciary has consistently interpreted these provisions in a manner that extends protection to environmental concerns. Over time, the Indian judiciary has used its judicial activism to enforce these principles, often invoking the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution. The right to life has ___ _______ _______ ____ _________.
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