Critically analyse Victor Vroom’s ‘expectancy theory’

Vroom’s expectancy theory was originally developed by Victor H. Vroom, a Canadian psychologist, in 1964. Vroom’s expectancy theory consisted of two related models-the valence model and the force model. “The valence model attempts to capture the perceived attractiveness, or valence, of an outcome by aggregating the attractiveness of all associated resultant outcomes.” (Geiger, 1996) “The force model of expectancy theory attempts to capture motivational force to act by associating the expectancy of resultant outcomes and their individual valences.” (Geiger, 1996) These two models gave Vroom the opening to build his expectancy theory to the level that it is today most commonly known.

Vroom’s expectancy theory explains motivation in terms of four main concepts: force, valence, expectancy, and instrumentality. “Force refers to the compulsion of an individual to behave in a given way” (Arnold, 1998), “valence the preference for consequent reward” (Arnold, 1998), “expectancy the perceived likelihood that the behaviour will result in the intended outcome” (Arnold, 1998) and “instrumentality the perception that the intended outcome will lead to the consequent reward.” (Arnold, 1998) Force is seen as the sum of the products of multiple valences, instrumentalities and expectancies involved in a course of action. It is reasoned that the motivation to behave in a particular way is determined by an individual’s expectation that behaviour will lead to a particular outcome, multiplied by the preference or valence that person has for that outcome. This can be shown in the following mathematical equation: Motivation (M) = Instrumentality (I) x Expectancy (E) x Valence (V) (Liccione, 2007) it is assumed that the level of motivation an individual demonstrates, results from his or her conscious decision-making process: a rational assessment of the likely result of their behaviour. The theory also considers the value that ______ _________ ______ _______ _______ _______ _________ ___ ___ _____ ________.
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