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The conservation of the environment has emerged as an essential global concern, particularly in the context of developing countries like India. India's environmental trajectory is intricately tied to its historical, cultural, and ecological legacy. In the past, Indian civilization was deeply rooted in sustainable practices, with forests, rivers, and wildlife being worshipped and protected as sacred. However, the post-colonial developmental agenda, rapid industrialization, population explosion, and urban expansion have placed enormous stress on India’s natural ecosystems. Hence, conservation is not only necessary but urgent. Historically, the Indian subcontinent had a rich tradition of environmental harmony. Ancient scriptures such as the *Rigveda* and *Atharvaveda* mentioned the sanctity of natural elements. Trees like the Peepal and rivers like the Ganga were revered. Sacred groves (known as *devaranya*) and water conservation systems like *baolis*, tanks, and stepwells were common features of the Indian ecological landscape. These traditional ecological knowledge systems contributed to a balanced and localized environmental governance structure, emphasizing conservation over exploitation. However, the advent of British colonial rule altered this symbiotic relationship. Colonial forestry policies in the 19th century, aimed at maximizing revenue and facilitating timber extraction for industries and railways, resulted in the widespread deforestation of Indian forests. Traditional forest dwellers were dispossessed, and the autonomy of local communities in managing natural resources was dismantled. Acts like the Indian Forest Act of 1865 and 1878 centralized control and neglected community-based conservation systems. Post-independence, India adopted a growth-oriented development model. The Nehruvian focus on heavy industries, large dams, mining, and infrastructure intensified environmental degradation. Deforestation, air and _________ __________ _____ __________ ________ ______ ___ ___.
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