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The Mahāvākya “Tat Tvam Asi” (“That Thou Art”) from the Chandogya Upanishad is one of the most profound expressions of non-dualistic Vedantic thought. It suggests the essential oneness of the individual self (Tvam) with the ultimate reality (Tat). Both Adi Shankaracharya and Sri Aurobindo engaged deeply with this Upanishadic assertion, but their interpretations reflect fundamentally different philosophical orientations—Shankaracharya’s strict Advaita Vedanta and Sri Aurobindo’s Integral Vedanta. Adi Shankaracharya (8th century CE), the foremost exponent of Advaita Vedanta, interpreted “Tat Tvam Asi” as an affirmation of the non-duality of Atman (individual self) and Brahman (ultimate reality). For Shankara, the apparent world of multiplicity is *Maya*, an illusion. The real self, or Atman, is not the body, mind, or ego, but the unchanging, attributeless consciousness (Nirguna Brahman). Shankara’s interpretation of “Tat Tvam Asi” is grounded in the idea that once one removes the upādhis (limiting adjuncts) that condition the self—such as name, form, desires, ego—what remains is the same as Brahman. Hence, “That” (Tat)—the absolute, unchanging Brahman—and “Thou” (Tvam)—the pure consciousness behind the individual ego—are one and the same. The realization of this identity leads to *moksha*, or liberation, which, in Shankara’s philosophy, is the cessation of all distinctions and return to a formless unity. In contrast, Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950), while deeply rooted in the Vedantic tradition, offered a dynamic and evolutionary interpretation of “Tat Tvam Asi.” He did not deny the unity of the individual self and the Absolute, but he interpreted the _________ ______ ________ __________ _________ _________ _______ _________ __________ ________ _________.
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