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The early medieval period in Indian history, roughly spanning from the 6th to the 13th centuries, witnessed a significant proliferation of castes and jatis, marking an important phase in the evolution of social structures. This period was characterized by political fragmentation, agrarian expansion, regional state formation, and increasing socio-economic differentiation, all of which contributed to the multiplication and localization of social identities within the broader varna framework. One of the most notable features of this period was the transition from the relatively flexible varna system of earlier times to a more rigid and complex jati-based hierarchy. While the classical varna model divided society into four broad categories—Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra—the early medieval period saw the emergence of numerous sub-castes or jatis that were often based on occupation, region, kinship, and local customs. These jatis functioned as the primary units of social organization, regulating marriage, occupation, and social interaction. The proliferation of jatis was closely linked to the process of agrarian expansion. During this period, large tracts of forest and wasteland were brought under cultivation, particularly in regions such as the Deccan, eastern India, and parts of south India. This expansion was often facilitated by land grants made by kings to Brahmanas, temples, and other religious __________ ______ ____ ___ _______.
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