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The term early medieval society in the Indian context generally refers to the period roughly between the 6th and 13th centuries, a phase that witnessed significant transformations in political structures, economic organization, social hierarchies, and cultural patterns. It marks a transition from the classical age of large empires to a more fragmented political landscape characterized by regional kingdoms, evolving agrarian systems, and increasingly complex social stratification. Understanding early medieval society involves examining these interrelated developments that shaped the nature of social life during this period. One of the most striking features of early medieval society was the process of political decentralization. The decline of large empires such as the Guptas led to the emergence of numerous regional polities. These regional kingdoms were often governed through a system of intermediaries, including feudatories, chiefs, and local elites, who exercised considerable autonomy. This political structure contributed to the development of a feudal-like system, although the term “Indian feudalism” remains debated among historians. Land grants, particularly to Brahmins and religious institutions, became a common administrative practice. These grants were often accompanied by rights over land revenue and control over local populations, thereby creating a hierarchy of landed intermediaries. The agrarian economy formed the backbone of early medieval society. Expansion of agriculture into new areas, especially forested and tribal regions, was a key development. This process was facilitated by the state and local elites through land grants and settlement initiatives. As new lands were brought under cultivation, rural society became more stratified. Peasants were differentiated based ___ _____ __________ _______ _____ ___ _______ _______ __________ __________ ________.
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