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The nature of overseas migration during the colonial period, particularly in relation to the Bhojpur region, reflects a complex interplay of economic distress, colonial exploitation, and sociocultural transformation. The Bhojpur region, comprising parts of present-day Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh, witnessed a large-scale migration of laborers to various British colonies, especially during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This migration was primarily induced by colonial economic policies, social structures, and the demand for cheap labor in plantation economies across the globe. The roots of this migration lie in the agrarian crisis and oppressive revenue systems introduced by the British colonial administration. The Permanent Settlement of 1793 and other land tenure systems led to increasing landlessness, high taxation, and indebtedness among the peasantry. Small farmers and landless laborers, especially from the Bhojpur region, were pushed to the margins of rural society. Combined with recurrent famines and declining traditional crafts, economic hardship became a major push factor that forced people to seek opportunities elsewhere. The abolition of slavery in the British Empire in 1833 created a severe labor shortage in plantations across the Caribbean, Mauritius, Fiji, and later in Southeast Asia, such as Malaya and Burma. To meet this demand, the colonial government initiated the system of indentured labor, often referred to as the "Girmitiya system." Under this system, laborers from India, particularly from Bhojpur, were recruited through agents or "arkatis." These agents often used deceptive means or exploited the ignorance and desperation of the people to lure them into signing contracts for overseas work. __________ ___ _________ _______ _________ ___.
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