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The Commercial Revolution was one of the most significant developments in the transition from medieval to early modern Europe. Beginning broadly from the late fifteenth century and continuing through the seventeenth century, it involved the expansion of trade, markets, banking, credit, monetary transactions, overseas commerce and commercial institutions. The term refers not to a single event but to a long process through which the European economy became increasingly commercialized and connected with regions beyond Europe. The discovery of new sea routes, the expansion of Atlantic trade, the growth of merchant capitalism, the influx of precious metals, the development of banking and the emergence of stronger commercial states all contributed to this transformation. Its impact was extensive, but it was neither uniform nor entirely revolutionary. It strengthened existing economic structures while gradually creating new social and political relationships. One of the most important consequences of the Commercial Revolution was the expansion of long-distance trade. During the medieval period, European trade had already developed through Mediterranean and northern European networks, particularly those associated with Italian city-states, the Hanseatic League and major commercial centres. From the late fifteenth century, however, the geographical scale of commerce expanded dramatically. Portuguese voyages around Africa opened direct maritime links with the Indian Ocean, while the Spanish voyages to the Americas brought Europe into sustained contact with the New World. The Atlantic gradually became a major commercial zone. Ports such as Lisbon, Seville, Antwerp, Amsterdam and London gained importance, while older Mediterranean centres faced increasing competition. This shift contributed to the gradual movement of ____ _____ ________ ___ _____ __________ _________ ____ __________ ________ _________.
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