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The rise of print culture was one of the most significant developments in early modern Europe. It transformed the ways in which knowledge was produced, preserved, circulated and consumed, and played an important role in the transition from medieval to modern society. Print culture emerged from the interaction of technological innovation, expanding literacy, commercial growth, religious changes, political developments and the increasing demand for books and other printed materials. The invention of the printing press in the fifteenth century, particularly the movable-type press associated with Johannes Gutenberg, provided the technological foundation for this transformation. Before the emergence of printing, books in Europe were mainly produced by hand. Manuscript production was largely concentrated in monasteries and later in urban workshops. Copying a book was a slow, expensive and labour-intensive process. Manuscripts were therefore relatively scarce and were mainly accessible to religious institutions, universities, rulers and wealthy individuals. The spread of universities and the growth of urban society during the later Middle Ages had already created a greater demand for books, but manuscript production could not meet this demand easily. The development of printing technology provided a solution to this problem. Johannes Gutenberg's printing press, developed around the middle of the fifteenth century in Mainz, was particularly important because it combined movable metal type, oil-based ink and a press mechanism capable of producing large numbers of relatively identical copies. Printing itself had existed in various forms _________ ____ ______ ___ ____.
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