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Climate change is increasingly recognized as a critical challenge that affects multiple aspects of society, with its impacts being both direct and indirect, sudden and gradual. One of the central concerns is how climate change complicates the process of vulnerability assessment across key sectors, such as human health, infrastructure, agriculture, and biodiversity. Vulnerability assessment refers to the systematic identification of the susceptibility of systems or populations to the adverse effects of climate variability and change. It involves evaluating exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Climate change intensifies these assessments because the environmental, social, and economic factors that influence vulnerability are themselves in flux, often in unpredictable ways. In the realm of human health, climate change affects vulnerability through a variety of pathways. Rising temperatures, for instance, increase the frequency and severity of heatwaves, which can result in heat-related illnesses and mortality, particularly among the elderly, children, and those with pre-existing medical conditions. The spread of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue, and Zika virus, is also influenced by changing climatic conditions. Warmer temperatures and altered precipitation patterns expand the habitable range of mosquitoes and other disease vectors, making populations in previously unaffected regions vulnerable. Additionally, extreme weather events such as floods, storms, and hurricanes can damage health infrastructure, limit access to medical care, and lead to the displacement of communities, exacerbating both short-term and long-term health risks. Vulnerability assessment in human health thus becomes more complex as it must account for overlapping stressors, demographic variables, socio-economic disparities, and the dynamic nature of disease transmission __________ _________ _____ ________ ______ ____ ___ _____.
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