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Food is essential for life because it provides the energy and nutrients required for the growth, maintenance, repair, and proper functioning of the human body. Every cell, tissue, and organ depends on food to perform its specific functions efficiently. A balanced diet containing carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and dietary fiber ensures physical health, mental well-being, and resistance against diseases. The functions of food can be broadly classified into physiological, psychological, and social functions, with the physiological functions further divided into energy-giving, body-building, and protective or regulatory functions. The primary function of food is to supply energy required for carrying out all bodily activities. Energy is necessary for voluntary activities such as walking, running, playing, studying, and working, as well as involuntary activities such as breathing, circulation of blood, digestion, heartbeat, maintenance of body temperature, secretion of hormones, and functioning of the nervous system. The energy obtained from food is measured in kilocalories (kcal). Carbohydrates are the main source of energy and provide about 4 kcal per gram. They are found in cereals, rice, wheat, maize, millets, potatoes, fruits, and sugar. Fats are concentrated sources of energy, providing about 9 kcal per gram. They are present in oils, butter, ghee, nuts, seeds, and animal fats. Proteins also provide 4 kcal per gram but are mainly utilized for growth and repair rather than energy production. During starvation or inadequate carbohydrate intake, proteins and fats are broken down to meet the body's energy requirements. Food also performs a body-building function by promoting growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues. Proteins are the primary nutrients responsible for this function. They are made up of amino acids, which serve as the building blocks of muscles, skin, blood, enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. Children, adolescents, pregnant women, and lactating mothers require adequate protein intake because of rapid growth and increased physiological demands. Protein-rich foods include milk, eggs, fish, meat, poultry, pulses, soybeans, nuts, and legumes. Minerals such as calcium and phosphorus contribute to the development of bones and ___ ____ __________ ________ _______ ____ ________ ______ ____ ___ ____.
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