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Environmental education in India has evolved significantly over the last three decades, with both formal and non-formal sectors contributing actively to its development and dissemination. The increasing concern for ecological degradation, loss of biodiversity, climate change, pollution, and unsustainable resource use has made environmental education an essential component of sustainability science in the Indian context. The integration of environmental awareness into the educational system and the parallel growth of non-formal initiatives have together shaped public consciousness, policy direction, and community action in the realm of environmental protection. The role of both formal and non-formal sectors is best understood by analyzing their distinct functions, complementarities, challenges, and the transformations witnessed since the early 1990s. The formal sector of environmental education in India refers to structured learning systems embedded within schools, colleges, and universities under regulatory and policy frameworks. Since the Supreme Court’s directive in 1991, which mandated environmental education as a compulsory subject at all levels of education, there has been a systematic attempt to mainstream ecological literacy across the country. The National Policy on Education (1986, modified in 1992) emphasized the integration of environmental concerns into curricula. Consequently, environmental education became a cross-cutting theme in school syllabi, designed by agencies such as the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and state education boards. At the school level, environmental studies were made a compulsory subject at the primary stage, while at the secondary stage environmental issues were integrated into science, social science, and language subjects. This curricular reform ensured that environmental concepts such as pollution control, biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and waste management were introduced to millions of young learners. In higher education, the University Grants Commission (UGC) made environmental studies a compulsory module for all undergraduate courses in 2003, irrespective of discipline. This step was crucial in ensuring that students of arts, commerce, science, and professional streams developed at least a foundational awareness of environmental issues. Many universities established dedicated departments for environmental science, ecology, and sustainable development, offering postgraduate programs, doctoral research opportunities, and interdisciplinary courses _____ _____ ___ _____ _________ ____ ______ ____ ________ __________.
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