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The philosophical basis of environmental movements in India reflects a rich interplay between cultural traditions, spiritual beliefs, ethical values, and modern ecological consciousness. Unlike in many Western contexts where environmental movements are often framed in the language of political activism and scientific evidence, the Indian scenario combines centuries-old traditions of reverence for nature with contemporary concerns about sustainability, social justice, and development. The intellectual roots of these movements extend into religion, philosophy, indigenous knowledge systems, and Gandhian thought, all of which create a unique foundation for collective resistance and ecological ethics. An analysis of these foundations reveals how environmental struggles in India are more than just demands for resource conservation; they represent deeper philosophical perspectives on the human-nature relationship, equity, and sustainability. One of the most important philosophical underpinnings of Indian environmental movements is the civilizational ethos of harmony with nature. Indian philosophical traditions, as expressed in Vedic texts, Upanishads, and epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, recognize nature as sacred. Rivers such as the Ganga and Yamuna are worshipped as goddesses, forests are revered as abodes of deities, and animals are associated with divine symbolism. The idea of *Prakriti* as a life-sustaining force and the principle of interconnectedness between all beings provide a spiritual grounding for ecological thought. This philosophy suggests that exploiting nature beyond its regenerative capacity is a violation of dharma, or moral duty. Such traditional beliefs have shaped community practices ___ __________ __________ ______ __________ ______ _______.
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