Analyse the nature of the eighteenth century polities in India

The eighteenth-century political formations in India were very dramatic and the country was changing at a very rapid pace. During the first half of the century, the Mughal Empire was shrinking due to the emergence of independent kingdoms. In the second half, the British had started creating a strong presence in eastern India.

The Mughal Empire Crisis

By the end of the seventeenth century, the Mughal Empire had started facing many crises. Due to the long war in Deccan, Aurangzeb had depleted the financial and military resources of his empire. Eventually, the efficiency of the subsequent Mughal emperors broke down since the imperial administration was not in control.

The appointed governors started controlling the offices of revenue and military administration. This gave them economic, political and military powers over vast regions of the empire. Hence, this led to a decline in the revenue of the capital.Rebellions were challenging the Mughal Empire too. Peasants, zamindars, and chieftains started seizing the economic resources to consolidate their positions. Basically, the Mughal emperors, post-Aurangzeb, were unable to manage these crises. In 1769, the ruler of Iran – Nadir Shah invaded and plundered Delhi, taking away immense wealth. Also, the Afghan ruler – Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the northern regions of India five times between 1748 and 1761.

The Mughal Empire had problems all around them. Two major factions (groups) were formed between their nobles – the Iranis and the Turanis (nobles of Turkish descent). These groups alternatively held control of the empire for a long time.

But the worst was still to come. The assassination of two Mughal emperors, Farrukh Siyar (1713-1719) and Alamgir II (1754-1759) and blinding of two others, Ahmad Shah (1748-1754) and _____ __________ ________ ______ ____.
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