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The political landscape of India since independence in 1947 has been profoundly shaped by the evolution of party systems, reflecting both the socio-economic diversity of the country and the dynamic nature of its democracy. Understanding the nature and evolution of party systems in India requires an examination of historical contexts, ideological trends, electoral patterns, regional dynamics, and institutional factors that have influenced political competition over time. At the time of independence, India inherited a parliamentary system of governance based on the Westminster model, with multiparty democracy as the constitutional ideal. However, in the immediate post-independence period, the Indian National Congress (INC) emerged as the dominant political force, largely due to its central role in the freedom struggle and its widespread grassroots organization. The Congress party’s dominance was rooted in its ability to unite diverse social, regional, and religious groups under a common national agenda. The first general elections in 1952 marked the formal consolidation of a Congress-led party system, characterized by single-party dominance. During _____ _______ ____ ___ ___ ___ _______.
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