Write notes on the following: (i) Genetically modified food (ii) Pasteurization of milk.

Genetically modified food refers to food products that are derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. In food fundamentals and chemistry, genetically modified (GM) foods are created to introduce desirable traits such as increased resistance to pests, enhanced nutritional content, or improved shelf life. The most common GM crops include soybean, corn, cotton, and canola. From a chemical perspective, the modification often involves inserting specific genes that code for proteins, enzymes, or other bioactive compounds. For example, Bt corn contains a gene from the bacterium *Bacillus thuringiensis*, which produces a protein toxic to certain insects, thus reducing the need for chemical pesticides.

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