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The regulatory structure for environmental protection in India is the outcome of a long historical process where growing awareness of ecological challenges, public health concerns, and the demands of sustainable development have gradually shaped laws, institutions, and policies. India’s regulatory framework is rooted in its constitutional provisions, reinforced by comprehensive legislation, and implemented through a multi-tiered system of institutions at the central, state, and local levels. Over the years, the country has built a network of policies, regulatory agencies, and judicial mechanisms designed to address environmental degradation while balancing developmental needs. Understanding this structure requires an examination of the constitutional foundations, statutory enactments, institutional mechanisms, policy frameworks, and judicial activism that collectively contribute to environmental protection in India. The Constitution of India provides the primary basis for environmental governance. Although the original text did not explicitly mention the environment, later amendments and judicial interpretations have firmly embedded ecological considerations within the constitutional framework. The 42nd Amendment of 1976 was a watershed moment, introducing Article 48A, which directs the State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife, and Article 51A(g), which makes it a fundamental duty of every citizen to protect the natural environment. Furthermore, the judiciary has interpreted Article 21, guaranteeing the right to life, as encompassing the right to a clean and healthy environment. This constitutional basis ensures that environmental protection is not merely a policy objective but a fundamental obligation of both the State and its citizens. The statutory framework in India for environmental protection is extensive and diverse, addressing different components of the environment such as air, water, forests, biodiversity, and hazardous substances. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 was among the earliest comprehensive legislations, establishing regulatory authorities _________ ____ _______ __________ ___ ____ ___ ______.
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