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Traditional knowledge refers to the knowledge, innovations, and practices of indigenous and local communities developed over generations through experience and adaptation to the local culture and environment. It is an integral part of the cultural identity of communities and is often transmitted orally from one generation to another. In the Indian context, traditional knowledge encompasses diverse fields such as agriculture, medicine, biodiversity conservation, folklore, handicrafts, and ecological practices. This knowledge is usually collectively owned rather than individually held, which makes its protection under conventional intellectual property systems complex. Under Indian patent law, particularly the Indian Patent Act, 1970, traditional knowledge is not considered patentable subject matter. Section 3(p) of the Act explicitly excludes inventions which are essentially traditional knowledge or aggregation or duplication of known properties of traditionally known components from patentability. This provision is crucial in preventing the misappropriation or “biopiracy” of traditional knowledge by individuals or corporations who attempt to patent such knowledge without authorization or benefit-sharing with the original knowledge holders. Traditional knowledge has gained international attention due to several controversial cases where patents were granted for inventions based on ___ ______ ___ ____ _____.
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