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Timber is one of the oldest and most widely used building materials in construction due to its strength, durability, workability, and aesthetic appeal. However, like all natural materials, timber is susceptible to various defects that may reduce its strength, durability, appearance, and service life. These defects may arise during the growth of the tree, during seasoning, or after conversion and use. Understanding the nature and causes of defects in timber is essential in building services and maintenance to ensure structural safety, longevity, and cost-effective upkeep of buildings. Defects in timber can broadly be classified into natural defects, defects due to seasoning, defects due to conversion, and defects caused by biological agencies. Natural defects develop during the growth of the tree and are often unavoidable. One of the most common natural defects is knots. Knots are formed at the base of branches and represent portions of branches embedded in the trunk. They may be sound knots, which are firm and tightly intergrown with the surrounding wood, or dead knots, which are loose and may fall out. Large and numerous knots reduce the strength of timber, especially in structural members subjected to tension and bending. They also affect the appearance ________ ______ _________ _____ ______ _________ _________ __________ _________.
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