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Defects in sanitary fittings are common issues that can arise in both residential and commercial buildings due to poor installation, substandard materials, wear and tear, or inadequate maintenance. Understanding these defects is essential in building services and maintenance, as they directly affect hygiene, functionality, water efficiency, and the longevity of plumbing systems. Sanitary fittings include items such as water closets, wash basins, urinals, sinks, faucets, shower fittings, bathtubs, and associated piping and drainage systems. The defects in these fittings can be categorized based on their nature, causes, and impact on building services. One of the most frequent defects in sanitary fittings is leakage. Leakage can occur due to loose joints, cracks in the ceramic or plastic components, or deterioration of washers and seals. For example, a leaky faucet or tap may result from a worn-out rubber washer or improper assembly, causing continuous dripping and wastage of water. Similarly, water closets may develop leaks due to faulty flappers, cistern overflow, or corrosion in flush pipes. Leakage not only wastes water but also damages surrounding fixtures, walls, and floors, potentially leading to ___ _______ ___ _____ ______ ________ ________ ___ ______ ____ ___.
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