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Urban poverty in India represents a multifaceted challenge that continues to persist despite rapid urbanization and economic growth. Within the framework of urban sociology, urban poverty is not merely the lack of income but an intricate phenomenon influenced by structural inequalities, migration patterns, policy failures, spatial segregation, and lack of access to essential services. The analysis of urban poverty requires a sociological lens that recognizes the interplay of economic, political, and socio-cultural dynamics that shape the lived experiences of the urban poor. Urbanization in India has intensified since the post-independence period, particularly after the liberalization of the economy in the 1990s. The urban population has steadily grown, currently constituting more than 35% of the total population. However, this growth has been accompanied by stark disparities. Cities have emerged as sites of wealth accumulation for the privileged, while simultaneously becoming spaces of deprivation, informality, and exclusion for the urban poor. Urban poverty in India, therefore, needs to be understood in the context of uneven development and the dual character of Indian cities—modern yet deeply unequal. Urban poverty manifests in several dimensions. Economically, urban poor households typically survive on low and uncertain incomes, often derived from informal and unregulated employment. These include street vending, daily wage labor, domestic work, construction, waste-picking, and other marginal services. Sociologically, the lack of job security, absence of social protection, and exploitative work conditions lead to a precarious existence, where one health emergency or economic shock can push families into deeper poverty. A significant characteristic of urban poverty in India is the prevalence of slums and informal settlements. According to the Census of India and various studies, about 25% of the urban population lives in slums. These settlements are characterized by overcrowding, substandard housing, inadequate access to clean water, sanitation, drainage, healthcare, and education. These spaces _______ ________ _____ _________ ________ _____.
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