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One of the most notable recent instances of misinformation in India emerged during the violent communal clashes in Haryana’s Nuh district in August 2023. The events quickly became the subject of widespread disinformation campaigns on various digital platforms, including Facebook, Twitter (now X), Instagram, and WhatsApp. Within hours of the violence, numerous videos and images began circulating online, many of which were either old, doctored, or taken from unrelated incidents. For instance, some users shared videos from other states or even other countries, presenting them as evidence of the clashes in Nuh. Others posted edited content that exaggerated the scale of violence, presenting a distorted reality that fueled communal polarization. This case highlights how quickly misinformation can spread in India’s digitally connected ecosystem and how digital platforms struggle to control such narratives once they gain momentum. The rapid spread of these false narratives exposed the challenges digital platforms face in moderating content in real time. Twitter saw hashtags calling for retaliation or promoting communal hatred trend for hours before any intervention was visible. Many of the accounts spreading misinformation were newly created or had a history of pushing divisive content, yet they managed to reach large audiences before suspension or removal. On Facebook and Instagram, short ___ ________ ___ ________ _____ ___ ______ __________.
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