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Compulsory licensing of patents is a significant legal mechanism within the international framework for patent protection that allows a government to authorize the use of a patented invention without the consent of the patent holder under specific conditions. This provision is primarily governed by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO), which establishes minimum standards for intellectual property regulation among member states. While patents grant exclusive rights to inventors to prevent others from making, using, or selling their inventions, compulsory licensing acts as a balance between private rights and public interest, ensuring that essential goods and technologies remain accessible, especially in critical situations. Under Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement, member countries are permitted to issue compulsory licenses, subject to certain conditions. These conditions are designed to prevent abuse and to ensure that the rights of patent holders are not arbitrarily undermined. One of the primary requirements is that, before granting a compulsory license, the proposed user must have made efforts to obtain ________ ____ ____ ______ _________ _________ _________ ________.
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