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Shifting cultivation is a traditional agricultural practice in which a piece of land is cleared, usually by cutting and burning vegetation, and cultivated for a few years until the soil’s fertility declines. Once productivity decreases, the cultivators abandon the land and move to a new plot, allowing the previously used land to regenerate naturally during a fallow period. This practice is commonly found in tropical forest regions of Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia, including parts of Northeast India such as Mizoram, Nagaland, and Meghalaya, where it is locally known as jhum cultivation. It is typically carried out by tribal or indigenous communities and is closely tied to their socio-cultural systems, ecological knowledge, and subsistence needs. In shifting cultivation, the cycle usually involves four main stages: selection of the site, clearing the vegetation, burning the dried vegetation to release nutrients into the soil, and planting a mix of crops. After two or three years of cultivation, declining yields and increasing weed growth prompt the community to move on to a fresh area. The fallow land is left to restore its fertility through natural processes. The length of the fallow period can range from 5 to over 20 years, depending on population pressure, land availability, and ecological conditions. In anthropological terms, shifting cultivation reflects a form of subsistence economy that is labour-intensive but technologically simple, relying heavily __________ ___ ___ ____ __________ __________ ________ ____ ______ ____.
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