What is ripening? Describe the compositional changes that occur during ripening of fruits.

Ripening is a complex physiological and biochemical process that occurs in fruits, transforming them from an immature, often hard, and sour state into a mature, soft, sweet, and flavorful condition suitable for consumption. It involves a series of coordinated changes in the fruit's chemistry and physiology that affect texture, color, flavor, aroma, and nutritional quality. Ripening is regulated by plant hormones, mainly ethylene in climacteric fruits (such as bananas, tomatoes, and mangoes), which trigger a cascade of enzymatic activities leading to various compositional changes.

During ripening, several major compositional changes occur in fruits:

1. Changes in Carbohydrates:
One of the most noticeable changes is the conversion of starch to sugars. In many fruits, starch accumulates during the _________ _____ _________ _____ ______ _________ _______ ____ ___ __________ _______ _______.
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