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Human ecology is the interdisciplinary study of the complex relationships between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. It examines how cultural, biological, ecological, and social factors interact and influence human behavior, population dynamics, health, adaptation, and sustainability. Human ecology encompasses both biological and cultural dimensions, providing a holistic framework for understanding human life in the context of the environment. From the biological perspective, human ecology studies how human beings, as organisms, adapt to their ecological settings through evolutionary and physiological mechanisms. It focuses on how human populations respond to environmental stresses such as temperature, altitude, and disease. These biological adaptations include genetic changes, developmental plasticity, and short-term physiological responses. On the other hand, the cultural dimension of human ecology deals with how human societies modify and respond to their environments through technological innovations, social institutions, economic practices, and belief systems. These cultural strategies allow humans to inhabit a wide variety of ecological niches, from the Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests and urban megacities. The concept of human ecology has its roots in both anthropology and ecology. Early anthropologists such _____ _____ _________ _______ _______ _____ __________ _______ __________ ______ _________.
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