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Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) refers to a set of processes and techniques designed to resolve disputes outside the traditional judicial system. ADR provides parties with flexible, cost-effective, and often quicker methods to settle disagreements, avoiding the lengthy procedures and formalities of courts. The primary forms of ADR include negotiation, mediation, conciliation, and arbitration, each varying in structure, enforceability, and the degree of involvement by neutral third parties. Negotiation is the most informal, allowing parties to directly communicate and reach a mutually acceptable solution without involving any external mediator. Mediation involves a neutral third party who facilitates dialogue and encourages compromise, helping the disputing parties find common ground. Conciliation is similar to mediation but often involves the conciliator actively proposing solutions or offering non-binding recommendations. Arbitration is a more formal process where an independent arbitrator or panel renders a decision after evaluating evidence and arguments presented by the parties. The decision in arbitration can be binding or non-binding based on the prior agreement between parties, and binding arbitration decisions are enforceable under national _____ ___ _______ ___ _____ ___ _________.
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