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Leachate is one of the most complex and problematic by-products generated from the disposal of solid wastes, particularly in landfills. It is a liquid that forms when water percolates through layers of waste material, dissolving and carrying with it a wide range of soluble and suspended contaminants. The chemical composition of leachate depends on various factors such as the type of waste deposited, the age of the landfill, the moisture content, microbial activity, and the climatic conditions. Leachate contains multiple groups of pollutants including organic compounds, inorganic constituents, heavy metals, xenobiotic organic substances, and pathogenic microorganisms. Each of these contaminants contributes to environmental risks, especially to groundwater and surface water quality, and therefore requires thorough understanding for effective waste disposal management. One of the most dominant categories of contaminants in leachate is organic matter. Organic compounds in leachate originate mainly from biodegradable fractions of municipal solid waste such as food residues, garden waste, and paper. These organics are usually measured in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Young landfill leachate typically contains high concentrations of volatile fatty acids, which contribute to high BOD values. These fatty acids, including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, are intermediate products of anaerobic degradation of organic matter. As the landfill stabilizes over time, the _____ ____ ____ _________ __________ ______ _________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________.
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